Projects 1,3,5 Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Activities 1,3,5 - Math Problem Example Both of these specific dishwashers are 24 inch dishwashers, which makes them similar. The two of them offer front control procedure on their entryways, and both offer a 1 year restricted guarantee. From the outset, apparently the Hotpoint dishwasher will end up as the winner, as it begins with the lower value point, destroying the deal cost of the GE by a distinction of $70.10, and beating the non-deal cost of the GE by $110.00. Is it worth the extra hundred dollars to get the GE? The estimated working expense every time of the Hotpoint is $24, while the GE has a rough yearly working expense of $29. This brings the value contrast up to $75.10 on special or $115 standard for the main year. Regardless of whether this value contrast is justified, despite all the trouble, relies emphatically upon whether the extra highlights that the GE brings to the table are justified, despite all the trouble to the individual creation the buy. The GE offers a lower decibel level (it runs calmer than t he Hotpoint), has a hard food disposer and water channel, has six distinctive wash levels (two more than the Hotpoint), a stemware holder, a steam prewash setting, the flatware rack on the entryway (rather than contained in the lower rack itself), and nylon racks rather than the PVC racks that the Hotpoint brings to the table. ... /Appliances-Dishwashers-Disposers-Dishwashers-Built-In-Dishwashers/h_d1/N-5yc1vZc3njZ1z10atjZ1z141o3Z1z10atj/R-203604506/h_d2/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10053&langId=-1&storeId=10051#.UR52tmewV8E Hotpoint Front Control Dishwasher in White: http://www.homedepot.com/Appliances-Dishwashers-Disposers-Dishwashers-Built-In-Dishwashers/h_d1/N-5yc1vZc3njZ1z10atjZ1z10atj/R-203547883/h_d2/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10053&langId=-1&storeId=10051&superSkuId=203153378#specifications (Insert name and box number here) MA120 BID:294 February 18, 2013 Project 3: Systems of Equations Part A: Solving a System of Linear Equations BID: 294 [a]x +3y-z=4 2x-[b]y+7z=12 x+2y+[c]z=18 - - 2x+3y-z=4 2x-9y+7z=12 x+2y+4z=18 - - x = 38/29, y = 46/29, z = 98/29 The url used to understand this condition was: http://wims.unice.fr/wims/en_tool~linear~linsolver.en.html Part B: Applications of Systems of Linear Equations The halting separation of a vehicle going at 25 mph is 61.7 ft. also, for a vehicle going at 35 mph it is 106 ft. The halting separation in feet can be depicted by the condition y = ax2+ bx, where x is the speed in mph. What is the halting separation for a vehicle voyaging 55 mph? 625a+ 25b = 61.7 1225a+ 35b = 106 - - - a = 0.056057142857143, b = 1.066571428571429 3025a+ 55b =y 169.572857143 + 58.6614285714 = y = 228.234285714 The halting separation of a vehicle voyaging 55mph would be 228.23 ft. (Supplement name and box number here) MA 120 BID: 294 18 February 2013 Project 5: Linear Programming Applications A vehicle producer makes vehicles and trucks in a manufacturing plant that is isolated into two shops. Shop 1, which performs essential get together, must work five man-days on each truck, yet just two man-days on every vehicle. Shop 2, which performs wrapping up

Public sphere in Australia today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Open circle in Australia today - Essay Example Lower optional beginnings at the seventh or eighth year and proceed all through the tenth year of training. The seventh during ninth long stretches of training are known as preliminary years. Towards the finish of the ninth year, understudies may decide to desert school or to proceed to the tenth year. During the tenth year of instruction, understudies may relinquish school with a School Leaving Certificate (SLC), much of the time gave by the individual school. Upper auxiliary comprises of the eleventh and twelfth long periods of training. Rather than leaving endless supply of the tenth grade, understudies may carry on for two additional long stretches of, endless supply of which understudies likewise get a SLC, gave by the school or by an outer inspecting authority. When gone to only by understudies going to college study, an expanding number of Australian understudies, independent of their arrangements for cutting edge study, are achieving the entire 12-year term. While some time prior, expert and academic optional schools were for the most part particular establishments, the greater part open auxiliary schools in Australia at present are far reaching secondary schools Such schools offer projects both for college headed understudies and for understudies who expect to do various employments in the wake of leaving school or who will take up postsecondary specialized or proficient training. Various government funded schools, then again, keep up to offer just instructive, school early on programs for understudies who are enrolled to the discretionary projects. Some propelled optional schools offer horticultural or other training. About all the understudies in Australia achieve the tenth year of tutoring and get a SLC. The quantity of understudies who carry on to the twelfth year of instruction is around 71 % of all understudies everywhere throughout the nation in 1991. Most of youthful understudies in Australia are enlisted in a kindergarten program, in spite of the fact that participation isn't mandatory. About all states offer a pre-Year 1 program, and both the administration and private offices offer other pre-school exercises for the two years before the initiation of Year 1. School Governance and Finance In every Australian express, the instruction framework is incredibly brought together. The Education Ministry and a Director-General of Education regulate the instructive framework. Recently, all things considered, there has been a developing propensity to decentralize a few authoritative capacities from the state level towards the nearby level. Administration The service of instruction practices broad control over schools everywhere throughout the state. The states create arrangements in the fields of tutoring and educator enlistment, instructor administration, understudy enrollment, program content, course approval and understudy examination. The instruction service enlists and utilizes the instructors in government schools, develop structures, gear and materials, and award endowment for use by schools. Thus practically all

St. Georges Day

St. Georges Day When I came back to England from Easter vacation, I was greeted by this at the local supermarket: The signs say Happy St. Georges Day, Wednesday 23 April and has a picture of a knight on a horse. I was with another MITer at the time and neither of us knew what St. Georges Day was. I whipped out my camera and we agreed that whatever it was, it would probably make a good blog entry. Okay, I should probably have published this entry on 23rd April but Im in the middle of exams. Very stressful. More on that later. I looked this up in Wikipedia and turns out, St. Georges Day is Englands National Day. St. George usually depicted as a knight sitting on a horse, killing a dragon. Unfortunately, I dont know any more than that. If anyone has anything to add, feel free to enlighten the rest of us in the comments below. Anyway, I was pretty curious to see what happens during St. Georges Day. So on Wednesday, 23 April, I armed myself with my camera and was half expecting to see some sort of parade. But the only thing exciting I saw that day was that all the buildings and colleges were flying St. Georges flag. The wind was absent that day so if you cant tell, the flag is white with a red cross on it. Okay, Im off to a tea party held by the local MIT Club.

High performance liquid chromatography 214 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3597 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction High performance liquid chromatography 214 is the most widely used of all of the analytical separation techniques. The reasons for the popularity of the method is its sensitivity, ready adaptability to accurate quantitative determinations, suitability for separating non-volatile species or thermally fragile ones, wide spread applicability to substance that are of prime interest to industry, many fields of science and the public. The applications of chromatography have grown explosively in the last fifty years owing not only to the development of several new types of chromatographic techniques but also to the growing need by scientist for better methods for characterizing complex mixtures. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "High performance liquid chromatography 214" essay for you Create order General methodology for the development of new HPLC methods 215-228 HPLC method development follows the series of steps summarized below. Information on sample, objective of separation. Need for special HPLC procedure, sample pretreatment etc. Choice of detector and detector settings. Choosing LC method, preliminary run, estimation of best separation conditions. Optimization of separation conditions. Check for problems or requirement for special procedure. a) Recovery of purified material b) Quantitative calibration c) Qualitative method Validate method for routine laboratory use. A good method development strategy should require only as many experimental runs as are necessary to achieve the desired final result. Finally, method development should be simple as possible, yet it should allow the use of sophisticated tools such as computer modeling if these are available. Before the beginning of method development, it is necessary to review what is known about the sample in order to define the goals of separation. The kinds of sample related information that can be important are summarized in Table-7.1. Number of compounds present in the sample Chemical structures of components Molecular weights of compounds PKa values of compounds UV spectra of compounds Concentration range of various compounds in samples of interest Sample solubility The chemical composition of the sample can provide valuable clues for the best choice of initial conditions for an HPLC separation. Objectives of separation The objectives of HPLC separation need to be specified clearly include. The use of HPLC to isolate purified sample components for spectral identification or quantitative analysis. It may be necessary to separate all degradants or impurities from a product for reliable content assay. In quantitative analysis, the required levels of accuracy and precision should be known (a precision of 1 to 2% is usually achievable). Whether a single HPLC procedure is sufficient for raw material or one or more formulations and / or different procedures are desired for the analysis of formulations? When the number of samples for analysis at one time is greater than 10, a run time of less than 20 min. will be oftenly important. Knowledge on the desired HPLC equipment, experience and academic training the operators have. Sample pretreatment and detection Samples for analysis come in various forms such as: Solutions ready for injections. Solutions that require dilution, buffering, addition of an internal standard or other volumetric manipulation. Solids that must first be dissolved or extracted. Samples that require pretreatment to remove interference and/or protect the column or equipment from damage. Most samples for HPLC analysis require weighing and / or volumetric dilution before injection. Best results are often obtained when the composition of the sample solvent is close to that of the mobile phase since this minimizes baseline upset and other problems. Some samples require a partial separation ( pretreatment) prior to HPLC, because of need to remove interference, concentrate sample analytes or eliminate column killer. In many cases the development of an adequate sample pretreatment can be challenging than achieving a good HPLC separation. The detector selected should sense all sample components of interest. Variable-wavelength ultraviolet (UV) detectors normally are the first choice, because of their convenience and applicability for most samples. For this reason information on the UV spectra can be an important aid for method development. When the UV response of the sample is inadequate, other detectors are available (flourescence, electrochemical, PDA etc.) or the sample can be derivatized for enhanced detection. Developing the method for the separation Selecting an HPLC method and initial conditions If HPLC is chosen for the separation, the next step is to classify the sample as regular or special. Regular samples means typical mixtures of small molecules (2000 Da) that can be separated using more or less standardized starting conditions. Exceptions or special samples are usually better separated with a different column and customized conditions as summarized in Table-8.2. Regular samples can be further classified as neutral or ionic. Table-8.3 summarizes the appropriate experimental conditions for the initial reversed phase separation of regular samples. Samples classified as ionic include acids, bases, amphoteric compounds and organic salts. If the sample is neutral, buffers or additives are generally not required in the mobile phase. Acidic or basic samples, usually require the addition of the buffer to the mobile phase. For basic or cationic samples, less acidic reverse phase columns are recommended (Table-8.4) and amine additives for the mobile phase may be beneficial. Usin g these conditions, the first exploratory run is carried out and then improved systematically as discussed below. Table-8.2 Handling of special sample Sample Requirements Inorganic ions Detection is primary problems; use ion chromatography Isomers Some isomers can be separated by reversed-phase HPLC and are then classified as regular samples; better separations of isomers are obtainable using either (1) normal-phase HPLC or (2) reversed-phase separations with cyclodextrin-silica columns. Enantiomers These compounds require chiral conditions for their separations. Biological Several factors make samples or this kind special; molecular conformation, polar functionality and a wide range of hydrophobicity. Macromolecules Big molecules require column packing with large pores( 10-nm diameters); in addition, biological molecules require special conditions as noted above. Table-8.3 Preferred experimental conditions for the initial HPLC separation Separation variable Preferred initial choice Column Dimensions (length, ID) 15 x 0.46 cm Particle size 5 mma Stationary phase C8 or C18 Mobile phase Solvent A and B Buffer-acetonitrile % B 80-100%b Buffer (compound, pH, concentration) 25mM potassium phosphate 2.0pH3.0e Additives (e.g., amine modifiers, ion pair reagents) Do not use initially Flow rate 1.52.0 ml/min Temperature 35-45C Sample Size Volumed 25 mL Weightd 100 mg B : Polar solvent a 3.5 mm particles are an alternative using a 7.5 cm column b For an initial isocratic run; an initial gradient run is preferred. c No buffer required for neutral samples; for pH2.5, pH-stable columns are recommended. d Smaller values required for smaller-volume columns (e.g., 7.50.46-cm, 3.5-mm column). Table-8.4 Physical properties of silica supports for some C 18 columns Column (mL/mL) Pore diameter (nm) Surface area (m2/g) Percent Porosity Hypersil ODS 12 170 57 LiChrosorb C18 10 355 71 Novapak C18 6 N/Aa N/Aa Nucleosil C18 10 350 69` Symmetry C18 10 335 66 Zorbax ODS 6 300 55 Zorbax Rx, SB, XDB 8 180 50 a N/A : Not available On the basis of the initial exploratory run isocratic or gradient elution can be selected as most suitable. If typical reversed-phase conditions provide insufficient sample retention, suggesting the use of either ion pair on normal phase HPLC. Alternatively, the sample may be strongly retained with 100% acetonitrile as mobile phase, suggesting the use of non-aqueous reversed-phase (NARP) chromatography or normal phase HPLC. Some characteristics of reversed-phase and other HPLC methods are summarized below. Table-8.5 Characteristics of primary HPLC methods Method / description/ columns Preferred method Reversed-phase HPLC Uses water organic mobile phase Columns: C18 (ODS), C8, phenyl, trimethylsilyl (TMS), Cyano First choice for most samples, especially neutral or non-ionisable compounds that dissolve in water-organic mixtures Ion-pair HPLC Uses water-organic mobile phase a buffer to control pH and an ion pair reagent. Column : C18, C8, cyano. Acceptable choice for ionic or ionizable compounds, especially bases or cations. Normal phase HPLC Uses mixtures of organic solvents as mobile phase Columns: Cyano, diol, amino and silica. Good second choice when reversed-phase or ion-pair HPLC is ineffective, first choice for lipophilic samples that do not dissolve well in water-organic mixtures, first choice for mixtures of isomers and for preparative-scale HPLC (silica best) Getting started on method development One approach is to use an isocratic mobile phase of some average solvent strength (e.g., 50%) organic solvent. A better alternative is to use a very strong mobile phase with (80-100% B), then reduce %B as necessary. The initial separation with 100%B results in rapid elution of the entire sample, but few groups will separate. Decreasing solvent strength shows the rapid separation of all components with a much longer run time, with a broadening of later bands and reduced detection sensitivity. Improving the separation and repeatable separation Generally the chromatographers will consider several aspects of the separation, as summarized in Table-8.6. Table-8.6 Objectives of separation in HPLC method development Objectivesa Comment Resolution Precise and rugged quantitative analysis requires that Rs be greater than 1.5. Separation time 5-10 min is desirable for routine procedures. Quantitation 2% (1 SD) for assays; 5% for less-demanding analysis; 15% for trace analysis. Pressure 150 bar is desirable, 200 bar is usually essential (new column assumed) Peak height Narrow peaks are desirable for large signal / noise ratios Solvent consumption Minimum mobile-phase use per run is desirable. a Roughly in order of decreasing importance but may vary with analysis requirements. Separation or resolution is a primary requirement in quantitative HPLC. The resolution (Rs) value should be maximum (Rs1.5) favours maximum precision. Resolution usually degrades during the life of the column and can vary from day to day with minor fluctuations in separation conditions. Therefore, values of Rs = 2 or greater should be the goal during method development for simple mixtures. Such resolution will favour both improved assay precision and greater method ruggedness. Some HPLC assays do not require base line separation of the compounds of interest (qualitative analysis). In such cases only enough separation of individual components is required to provide characteristic retention times for peak identification. The time required for a separation (run time = retention time for base band) should be as short as possible and the total time spent on method development is reasonable (runtimes 5 to 10 minutes are desirable). Conditions for the final HPLC method should be selected so that the operating pressure with a new column does not exceed 170 bar (2500 psi) and upper pressure limit below 2000 psi is desirable. There are two reasons for that pressure limit, despite the fact that most HPLC equipment can be operated at much higher pressures. First, during the life of a column, the back pressure may rise by a factor of as much as 2 due to the gradual plugging of the column by particular matter. Second, at lower pressures 170 bars, pumps, sample values and especially auto samples operate much better, seals last longer, columns tend to plug less and system reliability is significantly improved. For these reasons, a target pressure of less than 50% of the maximum capability of the pump is desirable. When dealing with more challenging samples or if the goals of separation are particularly stringent, a large number of method development runs may be required to achieve acceptable separation. Repeatable separation As the experimental runs described above are being carried out, it is important to confirm that each chromatogram can be repeated. When changing conditions (mobile phase, column, and temperature) between method development experiments, enough time must elapse for the column to come into equilibrium with a new mobile phase and temperature. Usually column equilibration is achieved after passage of 10 to 20 column volumes of the new mobile phase through the column. However, this should be confirmed by carrying out a repeat experiment under the same conditions. When constant retention times are observed in two such back-to-back repeat experiments ( 0.5% or better), it can be assumed that the column is equilibrated and the experiments are repeatable. Completing the HPLC method development The final procedure should meet all the objectives that were defined at the beginning of method development. The method should also be robust in routine operation and usable by all laboratories and personnel for which it is intended. Quantitation and method validation One of the strengths of HPLC is that is an excellent quantitative analytical technique. HPLC can be used for the quantitation of the primary or major component of a sample (including pure samples) for mixture of many compounds at intermediate concentrations and for the assessment of trace impurity concentrations in matrix. Method validation, according to the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), is performed to ensure that an analytical methodology is accurate, specific, reproducible and rugged over the specified range that an analyte will be analysed. Method validation provides an assurance of reliability during normal use and is sometimes described as the process of providing documented evidence that the method does what it is intended to do. According to USP, the method validation involves eight steps as given below. Precision Accuracy Limit of detection Limit of quantitation Specificity Linearity and range Ruggedness Robustness Precision and accuracy: Already discussed in chapter-1. Linearity The linearity of the method is a measure of how well a calibration plot of response v/s concentration approximates a straight line, or how well the data fit to the linear equation. Y = aX + b Where Y is the response, X is the concentration, a is the slope and b is the intercept of a line fit to the data. Ideally, a linear relationship is preferred (b = 0) because it is more precise, easier for calculations and can be defined with fewer standards. Also, UV detector response for a dilute sample is expected to follow Beers law and be linear. Therefore, a linear calibration gives evidence that the system is performing properly throughout the concentration range of interest. Generally in HPLC, if we are using internal standard, then the linearity plot is to be drawn by taking concentration of the analyte on x-axis and the ratio of area under the curve (AUC) of analyte to AUC of internal standard (IS) on y-axis. The resulting plot slope, intercept and correlation coefficient provide the desired information on linearity. A linearity correlation coefficient above 0.999 is acceptable for most methods. Limit of detection (LOD) The limit of detection (LOD) is the smallest concentration that can be detected reliably. The LOD represents the concentration of analyte that would yield a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 3. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) The LOQ is the concentration that can be quantitated reliably with a specified level of accuracy and precision. The LOQ represents the concentration of analyte that would yield a signal-to-noise ratio of 10. LOD and LOQ can be determined by using the following expressions. LOD = 3 X N / B LOQ = 10 X N / B Where N is the noise estimate, is the standard deviation of the peak area ratio of analyte to IS (5 injections) of the drugs. B is the slope of the corresponding calibration curve. The LOD and LOQ values determined during method validation are affected by the separation conditions, columns, reagents and especially instrumentation and data systems. Ruggedness Method ruggedness is defined as the reproducibility of results when the method is performed under actual use conditions. This includes different analysts, laboratories, columns, instruments, sources, chemicals, solvents etc. method ruggedness may not be known when a method is first developed, but insight is obtained during subsequent use of that method. Robustness The concept of robustness of an analytical procedure has been defined by the ICH as a measure of its capacity to remain unaffected by small, but deliberate variations in method parameters. The robustness of a method is the ability to remain unaffected by small changes in parameters such as pH of the mobile phase, temperature, percentage of organic solvent and buffer concentration etc. to determine robustness of the method experimental conditions were purposely altered and chromatographic characteristics were evaluated. To study the pH effect on the retention (K1) of the drug, buffer pH is to be changed by 0.2 units. At certain point, retention will increase at any pH above and below of the pH unit. The effect of temperature on the retention characteristics (K1) of the drug is to be studied by changing the temperature in steps 2C from room temperature to 80C and see the effect of temperature on the resolution and peak shape. Effect of percentage organic strength on retention is to be studied by varying the percentage of organic solvents like acetonitrile, methanol etc. from 0 to 2% while the other mobile phase contents are held constant and observe the K1. At certain point decreases in K1 observed with increase in the level of organic solvent. Effect of buffer concentration should be checked at three concentration levels i.e. 0.025 M, 0.05 M and 0.1 M and observe retention time and resolution. Stability To generate reproducible and reliable results, the samples, standards and reagents used for the HPLC method must be stable for a reasonable time (e.g., One day, one week, one month, depending on the need). For example, the analysis of even a single sample may require 10 or more chromatographic runs to determine system suitability, including standard concentrations to create a working analytical curve and duplicate or triplicate injections of the sample to be assayed. Therefore, a few hours of standard and sample solution stability can be required even for a short (10 min.) separation. When more than one sample is analyzed, automated, over night runs often are performed for better laboratory efficiency. Typically, 24 hours stability is desired for all solutions and reagents that need to be prepared for each analysis. Mobile phases should be chosen to avoid stability problems, especially the use of amine additives or specific solvents. For example, mobile phase containing THF (tetra hydrofuran) are known to be susceptible to oxidation, therefore, the mobile phase should be prepared daily with fresh THF. Some buffered mobile phases cause problems for example, phosphate and acetate provide good media for microbial growth. Sodium oxide (0.1%) is often added to the mobile phase buffer to inhibit such growth, adding more than 5% of organic solvent is also effective. Long term column stability is critical for method ruggedness. Even the best HPLC column will eventually degrade and lose its initial performance, often as a function of the number of samples injected. System suitability System suitability experiments can be defined as tests to ensure that the method can generate results of acceptable accuracy and precision. The requirements for system suitability are usually developed after method development and validation have been completed. The criteria selected will be based on the actual performance of the method as determined during its validation. For example, if sample retention times forms part of the system suitability criteria, their variation (SD) during validation can be determined, system suitability might then require that retention times fall within a 3 SD range during routine performance of the method. The USP (2000) defines parameters that can be used to determine system suitability prior to analysis. These parameters include plate number (N), tailing factor, k and / or a, resolution (Rs) and relative standard deviation (RSD) of peak height or peak area for respective injections. The RSD of peak height or area of five injections of standard solution is normally accepted as one of the standard criteria. For an assay method of a major component, the RSD should typically be less than 1% for these five respective injections. The plate number and / or tailing factor are used if the run contains only one peak. For chromatographic separations with more than one peak, such as an internal standard assay or an impurity method, expected to contain many peaks, some measure of separations such as Rs is recommended. Reproducibility of tR or k value for a specific compound also defines system performance. The column performance can be defined in terms of column plate number N is defined by N = 5.54 (tR / W)2 Where tR is the retention time of the peak and W is the width of the peak at half peak height. The resolution of two adjacent peaks can be calculated by using the formula Rs = 1.18 (t2-t1) / W0.5.1 +W0.5.2 Where t1 and t2 are retention times of the adjacent peaks and W0.5.1 and W0.5.2 are the width of the peaks at half height. Rs = 2.0 or greater is a desirable target for method development. The retention factor k is given by the equation. k = (tR t0) / t0 where tR is the band retention time and t0 is the column dead time. The peak symmetry can be represented in terms of peak asymmetry factor and peak tailing factor, which can be calculated by using the following formula. Peak asymmetry factor = B /A Where B is the distance at 50% peak height between leading edge to the perpendicular drawn from the peak maxima and A is the width of the peak at half height. According to USP (2000) peak tailing factor can be calculated by using the formula T = W0.05 / 2f Where W0.05 is the width of the peak at 5% height and f is the distance from the peak maximum to the leading edge of the peak, the distance being measured at a point 50% of the peak height from the base line.

Alzheimer s Disease Symptoms And Treatment Of Dementia

The Alzheimer’s Association reports that by the year 2025, around seven million people 65 years of age and older will be suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. There is other subsets of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease being one of the most well known. With the skyrocketing increase of individuals suffering from dementia will come the need for more intervention and prevention projects to help the number of individuals suffering from all forms of dementia. Even though there is an umbrella of different forms of dementia, dementia it self is a term used to describe a disease that is chronic, progressive, and terminal and each of the forms of dementia are classified in this way. Being that this disease is chronic, progressive, and terminal it is†¦show more content†¦Early detection of dementia is essential because it can provide a means to seek appropriate agencies that will support the individual suffering from dementia as well as close family members and even friends. It also provides a means for support networks for the dementia suffering. Moreover, it provides prevention of behavior and psychological symptoms. This means the progression of the disease can be delayed with early detection, prevention, and diagnosis. A lot of individuals’ caring for their elder loved ones will ask how they can look for sings of dementia to reduce the excessive disability, dependency, and suffering of the dementia sufferer. Signs of dementia start in the earlies stage of dementia, often known as early stage dementia. Early stage dementia is the earliest detection, and symptoms of early stage are marginally overlooked, because once again the sings are mistaken for signs of normal aging in the elderly. However, sings include memory loss, cognitive impairments, and behavioral deterioration. A lot of symptoms of dementia have to do with memory deterioration. This deterioration is due to the fact that the disease is classified as damage to the brain, it literally is the braining dying, and shrinking away. This damage creates the lack of ability for cells to communicate with each other. Therefore, individuals who have dementia will go through major changes as the brain dwindles away. One will see a person with dementia

The Return Midnight Chapter 6 Free Essays

Bonnie couldn’t get to sleep after Damon’s words to her. She wanted to talk to Meredith, but there was an unseeing, unhearing lump in Meredith’s bed. The only thing she could think of was to go down to the kitchen and huddle up with a cup of cocoa in the den, alone with her misery. We will write a custom essay sample on The Return: Midnight Chapter 6 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bonnie wasn’t good at being alone with herself. But as it turned out, when she got to the bottom floor, she didn’t head for the kitchen after al . She went straight to the den. Everything was dark and strange-looking in the silent dimness. Turning on one light would just make everything else even darker. But she managed, with shaking fingers, to twist the switch of the standing lamp beside the couch. Now if only she could find a book or something†¦ She was holding on to her pil ow as if it were a teddy bear, when Damon’s voice beside her said, â€Å"Poor little redbird. You shouldn’t be up so late, you know.† Bonnie started and bit her lip. â€Å"I hope you’re not stil hurting,†she said coldly, very much on her dignity, which she suspected was not very convincing. But what was she supposed to do? The truth was that Bonnie had absolutely no chance of winning a duel of wits with Damon – and she knew it. Damon wanted to say, â€Å"Hurting? To a vampire, a human fleabite like that was†¦Ã¢â‚¬  But unfortunately he was a human too. And it did hurt. Not for long, he promised himself, looking at Bonnie. â€Å"I thought you never wanted to see me again,†she said, chin trembling. It almost seemed too cruel to make use of a vulnerable little redbird. But what choice did he have? I’l make it up to her somehow, someday – I swear it, he thought. And at least I can make it pleasant now. â€Å"That wasn’t what I said,†he replied, hoping that Bonnie wouldn’t remember exactly what he had said. If he could just Influence the trembling woman-child before him†¦but he couldn’t. He was a human now. â€Å"You told me you would kil me.† â€Å"Look, I’d just been knocked down by a human. I don’t suppose you know what that means, but it hasn’t happened to me since I was twelve years old, and stil an original human boy.† Bonnie’s chin kept trembling, but the tears had stopped. You are bravest when you’re scared, Damon thought. â€Å"I’m more worried about the others,†he said. â€Å"Others?†Bonnie blinked. â€Å"In five hundred years of life, one tends to make a remarkable amount of enemies. I don’t know; maybe it’s just me. Or maybe it’s the simple little fact of being a vampire.† â€Å"Oh. Oh, no!†Bonnie cried. â€Å"What does it matter, little redbird? Long or short, life seems al too brief.† â€Å"But – Damon – â€Å" â€Å"Don’t fret, kitten. Have one of Nature’s remedies.†Damon pul ed out of his breast pocket a smal flask that smel ed unquestionably of Black Magic. â€Å"Oh – you saved it! How clever of you!† â€Å"Try a taste? Ladies – strike that – young women first.† â€Å"Oh, I don’t know. I used to get awful y sil y on that.† â€Å"The world is sil y. Life is sil y. Especial y when you’ve been doomed six times before breakfast.†Damon opened the flask. â€Å"Oh, al right!†Clearly thril ed by the notion of â€Å"drinking with Damon,†Bonnie took a very dainty sip. Damon choked to cover a laugh. â€Å"You’d better take bigger swigs, redbird. Or it’s going to take al night before I get a turn.† Bonnie took a deep breath, and then a deep draft. After about three of those, Damon decided she was ready. Bonnie’s giggles were nonstop now. â€Å"I think†¦Do I think I’ve had enough now?† â€Å"What colors do you see out here?† â€Å"Pink? Violet? Is that right? Isn’t it nighttime?† â€Å"Wel , perhaps the Northern Lights are paying us a visit. But you’re right, I should get you into bed.† â€Å"Oh, no! Oh, yes! Oh, no! Nonono yes!† â€Å"Shh.† â€Å"SHHHHHH!† Terrific, Damon thought; I’ve overdone it. â€Å"I meant, get you into a bed,†he said firmly. â€Å"Just you. Here, I’l walk you to the first-floor bedroom.† â€Å"Because I might fal on the stairs?† â€Å"You might say that. And this bedroom is much nicer than the one you share with Meredith. Now you just go to sleep and don’t tel anyone about our rendezvous.† â€Å"Not even Elena?† â€Å"Not even anybody. Or I might get angry at you.† â€Å"Oh, no! I won’t, Damon: I swear on your life!† â€Å"That’s – pretty accurate,†Damon said. â€Å"Good night.† Moonlight cocooned the house. Fog misted the moonlight. A slender, hooded dark figure took advantage of shadows so skil ful y that it would have passed unnoticed even if someone had been watching out for it – and no one was. How to cite The Return: Midnight Chapter 6, Essay examples

Information Security and Ethics Of Google †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Information Security and Ethics Of Google. Answer: Nature of the business In the era of globalization as well as technological advancement, Google has tried to place their position in the mind of cyber users, like the powerful search engine over the internet and its also used widely as the web-based search engine all over the world (Alberts Dorofee, 2002). It doesnt matter, whether it's old or young, Google can always be seen in the conversation about computers or internet (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). One can view the history about how the companies enhance from small too big and are also identified all over the world. The core business of Google is to offer the search engine to the cyber user, who is interested in going to their place of interest (Alberts Dorofee, 2002). The search engine of Google tries to attract various internet users through simple design, but outcomes are quite amazing search outcome (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). After the starting stage of the Google setting itself at the global position, it started selling the ads relate d to the keywords of search. The ads were text-based to increase the loading speed of the page (Alberts Dorofee, 2002). Most of the revenue of Google depends on the ads, and they had attained success with the support of AdSense and AdWords in the system after attaining experience within the industry (Alberts Dorofee, 2002). For developing the expected IT infrastructure, the department of IT try to maintain the balance among the purchasing of products from the outside vendors and try to draw up the software; for instance the organization purchase of the software from Oracle for maintaining the accounts; whereas, when the case of managing the customer relationship management, Google try to develop the software (Alberts Dorofee, 2002). Through the administration of the company try to create the data, that is made available to every employee, it also tries to make sure that the information is protected from getting misused or either used through the unauthenticated users (Alberts Dorofee, 2002). Google even try to encourage the use of open source software through applying it. It also initiates the students to work and develop the new software through offering the internship programs. In this manner, the company tries to attain new ideas that can be supportive (Alberts Dorofee, 2002). Google also seeks to develop the similar applications such as Google Apps that can be applied for the external and internal purpose (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). The algorithm search engine is continuously updated, so that retrieval of information could get more relevant (Alberts Dorofee, 2002). The engineers ensure that the retrieval of information for the internet user get less. Google also adopts the round robin policy, which supports them in load balancing of server load. The servers of Google are categorized in various types, and every server is assigned with a particular function (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). The business nature makes the Google emphasize the aspects of security and try to make it critical for Google (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). The master search algorithm of the formula is to keep things secret. Instead of trying to implement the measures of strict policy, the organization ensures about the organization infrastructure as secured (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). The focus is placed on the corrective and detective controls. More than 150 engineers are hired for offering the information security as well as for maintaining the organization security infrastructure (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). The engineers regularly view the virus-like Spyware, and Google makes use of intrusion detection system for avoiding the breach of security (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). Governance structures, processes, and policies it has in place It can be mentioned that, for the type of technology and innovation, Google produce the culture, governance as well as process as perfectly applied for generating the assistance of an idea one another (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). The top executives hold instinct for taking the company and agree with them, in case they ask for hostile takeovers to place long-term vision (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). The model of media might be right as compared to them, as both of them are reliant on the talent and vision. The culture of creative corporate is fabulous for attracting the Googolplex as the right playground for developing the magic of Google (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). The process of organization of permitting the staff for using 20% of the work time in combination with the teamwork style that looks like a right formula for developing the dirty and rough prototype that it explored the value that could create entirely through the alpha to beta (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 200 9). The only types of limitation that can view the ego possibility in the manner of doing the right work and the companys size eventually turn the staff and businesses customers (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). This could be branding issue for Google in the coming time over how to deal with the increase in huge companies (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). The commitment of Google towards security is outlined through Code of the conduct of Google, along with security philosophy of Google (Eloff, Labuschagne, Solms Dhillon, 2011). All these policies include the huge array of the security linked with the topics, which includes the necessary policies that each staff should comply with physical security, account, data as well as few specific policies including the systems and internal applications, which are expected by employees to follow (Eloff, Labuschagne, Solms Dhillon, 2011). All these security policies are reviewed and updated periodically. Staff is also needed to attain continuous security training over the security topics like the safe internet use, how to label, handle the sensitive information, and working through the remote location safety (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). Extra training is also provided about the interest policy topics, which includes the areas of emerging technology like safe use of social technologies and mobile devices (Eloff, Labuschagne, Solms Dhillon, 2011). The security organization of Google is divided into various teams, which emphasize over the auditing of global security, information security, and compliance, along with physical security for safeguarding the hardware infrastructure of Google (Eloff, Labuschagne, Solms Dhillon, 2011). Together teamwork addresses the complete international computing environment. In case of Information Security team, Google hires the full-time team of information security, which includes 250 experts in the area of network security, information, and application (Eloff, Labuschagne, Solms Dhillon, 2011). The team is highly responsible for the maintaining the organization perimeter as well as internal defense systems, creating the process for securing the development as well as security review and constructing the customized security infrastructure (Eloff, Labuschagne, Solms Dhillon, 2011). It also implies the leading role in the documentation, development and Google security policies implantation poli cies and standard (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). Corporate officers and their roles as described in public documentation In the present time, the world is moving towards IT as the required belonging, but the threats around the It world are also rising (Gofbole, 2008). This might lead towards the IT security strategies, which can resolve the IT issues and can even control the threats happening in the technology area (Gofbole, 2008). The Information Technology security professionals manage the responsibility for safeguarding the IT world through increasing problems and threats (Gofbole, 2008). Whoever takes the responsibility of protecting the infrastructure, networks and computer systems are the system administration, IT security professionals, information security engineers, network security officers, chief information officer, chief security officers, network engineers, information assurance manager, chief information security officer as well as computer operators are among the few that hold fundamental role in IT security professionals (Gofbole, 2008). The IT security professionals job revolves around IT system protection. It includes the infrastructure, network and all other IT information grounds (Gofbole, 2008). Customer data, securing the information assets, financial information and various other critical IT information is the main responsibility of the security IT professionals (Hamid, 2007). Their role holds the responsibility to offer access to the information to the users relied on the identity and necessity. Information is provided to people when they are legally eligible for attaining access (Harkins, 2012). Every department of IT security holds particular policies and principles according to the policies of the company and require following the same (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). They adopt the specific set of regulations, rules, strategies, and methodologies for protecting the information systems (Harkins, 2012). The IT security professional responsibility is definite as mentioned below: Significant IT security professional responsibilities Designing and developing the software and security devices for ensuring the client information and product safety (Harkins, 2012). Measures of measuring the security of IT within the network system Inspections of operating regulation and network process for updates about security (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). Undertaking the audit process for initiating the safety and security measures and strategies (Harkins, 2012). Customize information access according to necessity and rules Maintaining the standard security information policy, services, and procedure (Harkins, 2012). Above mentioned are the responsibility of each, and every It security professional relied on the role required to meet. Through making sure about the high responsibility can be referred a scaling job (Jacobs, 2015). One needs to get updated with the advanced skills and knowledge along with the particular work within the team towards attaining the information security perfect security (Kim Solomon, 2010). The analysis is also done about the skills that are required by IT professional, and the same is mentioned below: Skills required for IT security professionals: The IT security professionals are expected to be a strategist to make sure about protecting the infrastructure, network as well as computer systems (Kim Solomon, 2010). It is also important that one should be aware of the evolving security controls and measures and should hold ability for implementing the same in the company (Kim Solomon, 2010). Besides that, the security professional in IT need to be strategic, and that should be enough for judging the before as well as after results of the security measure (Kim Solomon, 2010). The IT security professionals need to be adequate management as well as communication skills for making sure about the effective coordination with the clients and team (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). She and He are requiring communicating with the organizational professionals regarding the IT terms (Kim Solomon, 2010). Similar to that, while handling the client, the measures and principle of security should be taught clearly within the organization (Kim Solomon, 2010). Other skills expected of the IT security professionals are to stay technically competent. It is also important that they should always hold re-skills along with advanced technology skills to become capable of grasping the issues of technical security immediate and solve the same (Kouns Minoli, 2011). These are few of the significance skills needed by the IT security professionals. Whether the governance structures and policies reflect regulatory requirements IT security governance is considered as the system through which companies can direct and control the security of IT that is adopted by the ISO 38500 (Kouns Minoli, 2011). It is noted that IT security governance need not get confused with the security management of IT (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). IT security management should be concerned with creating decisions for mitigating the risks; even governance determines the authorization of taking decisions (Kouns Minoli, 2011). Governance explicitly specifies the accountability framework and offers an outright for making sure about the risks that should be mitigated adequately, while the management makes sure about the controls that are implemented for reducing the risk (Peltier, 2005). Management suggests the security strategies. Governance also makes sure about the security strategies that are aligned with the business regulation and objectives (Peltier, 2005). NIST explains about the IT governance and mentioned it as the process of setting and maintaining the framework for offering assurance that IT security strategies are connected with the help of business objectives, which are consistent with the relevant laws and regulations by the adherence towards internal control and policies and offer responsibility for managing the risk (Calabrese, 2004). There are many laws and regulations, and from that, few are particular of industries that can impact the information Technology (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). Each company should explore the appropriate regulations affecting them and then only they should respond accordingly, and make sure that both the role and responsibilities for analyzing the matters of legal and regulatory are defined correctly for every stakeholder group, so that every group can easily apply the particular expertise in efficient manner (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). The current increase in the regulations that impact the IT use is due to various factors like, laws for protecting the information along with its potential to misuse the electronic form; increase in computer system and network use for undertaking the criminal activities, which also includes hacking, viruses, pornography and money laundering (Solms Solms, 2008). Increase in the massive contractual relationship with the IT products and services, such as product license, outsourcing, and managed services (Solms Solms, 2008). It also includes the increase in various types of electronic media as well as the potential for misusing the valuable information assets, which results in the intellectual and copyright property problems concerning with the user and vendors (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). How the organization addresses and mitigates risk In the rapid-paced international economy, this relies on most of the information, by making sure about the IT asset security to get paramount (Peltier, 2008). Building on the current research through CompTIA, around 28% of the present business list security is considered an important factor, and this number is measured for improving in coming two years (Peltier, 2008). The study also rightly claim that various organizations believe that secure enough is potentially vulnerable to critical security threats that emerge with new technologies (Peltier, 2008). These increasing threats are initiating the business to these growing threats are starting the business to adopt the new methods for examining the changing needs of security. In a survey conducted by Gartner, research shows that the mobile rules for most of the organizations (Peltier, 2008). Keep system updated Most of the failure of the system happens due to the lack of right patch. Few statistics related to researchers explain the interesting facts related with similar vulnerably faced by the companies (Peltier, 2016). In case the companies help BYOD and then also control over performing the standard maintenance, then in that case issues usually get worse, as they invite attack sources without having any prevention (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). To avoid the risk, it is important to ensure the system that is updated, and it also includes the servers inside the laptops, company, mobile device, and desktops (Peltier, 2016). Small mobile devices come through different operating systems, and firmware (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). By considering this, companies are expected to permit the mobile devices for patching to get maintained ideally (Peltier, 2016). Undertake governance review as well as assessment of mobile security Consideration and assessment of governance are necessary for measuring and defining the IT operations operational efficiency and explore the gaps that require getting fixed (Stamp, 2011). Famous research organizations like OWASP and Gartner provides the security matrices for performing the security assessment and explore the maturity level of IT security of an organization (Tipton Krause, 2009). Information technology scores the famous assessment matrix through Gartner that supports the company is exploring the risk and measuring and analyzing the mobile security program maturity of business (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). For instance, in case of Spider chart, it is noted that the chart indicates about the presents core of the company, where else the chart shows the ideal score of an organization (Tipton Krause, 2009). Cyberwarfare It is suggested that the correct application of intrusion prevention as well as intrusion detection system along with firewalls is the primary response (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). Through undertaking the real-time analysis of the network traffic like investigating and the security threat inclusion, and individual companies can detect the less sophisticated attack related to the user level (Tipton Krause, 2009). Huge organizations are suggested to get aware of the network security and vulnerabilities, and they are also expected to work towards securing the advanced threat protection platform properties for the betterment of the endpoint protection and server security protection (Tipton Krause, 2009). About the government cyber-attacks, the main defense line is to undertake the common front existing between the cyber attackers (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). There is no correct time for opening about the dialogue as well as collaboration among the government industries and ag encies for taking action against the cyberwarfare (Tipton Krause, 2009). It is suggested that attacks, which go massive, the interconnected system could be disclosed readily by comparing the information and creating the similar task forces (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). Detection and protection are not enough for stopping the attackers each time, but it can also inhibit the future as well as common threats (Tipton Krause, 2009). Espionage Individuals and organizations might apply to bring your device (BYOD) that look inexpensive solution, but the same might develop certain issues (Vacca, 2017). If one assists the BYOD then, in that case, it is suggested that they should try to enforce the management as well as maintenance (Vacca, 2017). It is again crucial for making sure that the mechanism of device control should safeguard the leakage of information (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). It also permits the USB devices for inserting, but rather it will also encrypt the information (Vacca, 2017). When the information is later applied to certain another system in the organizational environment, then in that case information will be encrypted automatically and then it can be decrypted, when it is copied towards the system that holds no device control mechanism, then it will be of no use (Wheeler, 2011). Its also recommended that critical infrastructure protection through dividing the intellectual property network through the corporate network and allows having access towards the network by individuals that require access (Javidi, 2006). But it is also crucial to do more than that, documenting and deciding the permits to work towards the network and include physical access towards the location and analyze the network requirement and it should be determined (Javidi, 2006). Possible improvements/impacts of internal changes/external factors on the 2-3 year horizon For reducing the interruption of service due to the failure of hardware, natural disaster as well as various another catastrophes, Google try to implement the program of disaster recovery at every data centers (Basin, Schaller Schlpfer, 2011). This program covers up different elements for reducing the risk of an individual point of failure, which also includes the replication and backup of data (Basin, Schaller Schlpfer, 2011). In case of backup and data replication, the application information of Google is replicated through various systems applied within the data center and in particular cases, its replicated to different city centers (Basin, Schaller Schlpfer, 2011). Google quickly operates geographically distributed data centers set, which are designed for maintaining the continuity of service during disaster events or many another incident in the individual region (Basin, Schaller Schlpfer, 2011). The connection of high speed among the data centers supports in failover. Data centers management is also divided for offering the location independent and system administration (Basin, Schaller Schlpfer, 2011). Along with that data redundancy as well as regional disparate data centers, Google tries to hold the business continuity plan in its headquarters (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). The method accounts for the key disasters like a seismic event or either the public health crisis, or it also tries to assume that both services and people might not be available for a month (Basin, Schaller Schlpfer, 2011). This plan was primarily designed for enabling the continued operations of the customer service (Patel, 2008). Google also undertake continuou s test about the disaster recovery plan (Axelrod, Bayuk Schutzer, 2009). For instance, at the time of tests, the geographic location of disaster is also stimulated through conducting the IT system, an operational process in off-line location and permitting the process and system for transferring the fail location that is designated by the disaster recovery plan (Basin, Schaller Schlpfer, 2011). During the time of the test, it is verified that the operations and business functions can easily operate the off-line failover location and logged through the remediation (Basin, Schaller Schlpfer, 2011). Conclusion Google hires the strategy of multi-layer security, which includes the ten essential elements that are shown in the paper, which help the platform for getting used by the million in the company, covering Google Inc. to run the Google cloud technologies and product business. References Alberts, C. J., Dorofee, A. J. (2002). Managing Information Security Risks: The OCTAVE Approach. Addison-Wesley Professional Axelrod, C. W., Bayuk, J. L., Schutzer, D. (2009). Artech House information security and privacy series. Artech House Eloff, J., Labuschagne, L., Solms, R., Dhillon, G. (2011). Advances in Information Security Management Small Systems Security: IFIP TC11 WG11.1/WG11.2 Eighth Annual Working Conference on Information Security Management Small Systems Security September 2728, 2001, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. Springer Gofbole, N. (2008). INFORMATION SYSTEMS SECURITY: SECURITY MANAGEMENT, METRICS, FRAMEWORKS AND BEST PRACTICES (With CD). Wiley India Pvt. Limited Gurpreet, D. (2000). Information Security Management: Global Challenges in the New Millennium: Global Challenges in the New Millennium. Idea Group Inc (IGI) Hamid, N. (2007). Information Security and Ethics: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications. IGI Global Harkins, M. (2012). Managing Risk and Information Security: Protect to Enable Expert's voice in information technology. Apress Jacobs, S. (2015). Engineering Information Security: The Application of Systems Engineering Concepts to Achieve Information Assurance. John Wiley Sons Kim, D., Solomon, M. G. (2010). Fundamentals of Information Systems Security. Jones Bartlett Learning Kouns, J., Minoli, D. (2011). Information Technology Risk Management in Enterprise Environments: A Review of Industry Practices and a Practical Guide to Risk Management. John Wiley Sons Peltier, T. R. (2005). Information Security Risk Analysis, Second Edition. CRC Press Peltier, T. R. (2008). How to Complete a Risk Assessment in 5 Days or Less. CRC Press Peltier, T. R. (2016). Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards: Guidelines for Effective Information Security Management. CRC Press Stamp, M. (2011). Information Security: Principles and Practice. John Wiley Sons Tipton, H. F., Krause, M. (2009). Information Security Management Handbook, Sixth Edition, Volume 3. CRC Press Vacca, J. R. (2017). Computer and Information Security Handbook. Morgan Kaufmann Wheeler, E. (2011). Security Risk Management: Building an Information Security Risk Management Program from the Ground Up. Elsevier Javidi, B. (2006). Optical and Digital Techniques for Information Security. Springer Science Business Media Basin, D., Schaller, P., Schlpfer, M. (2011). Applied Information Security: A Hands-on Approach. Springer Science Business Media Patel, D. R. (2008). INFORMATION SECURITY: Theory and Practice. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Solms, S. H., Solms, R. (2008). Information Security Governance. Springer Science Business Media Axelrod, C. W., Bayuk, J. L., Schutzer, D. (2009). Enterprise Information Security and Privacy. Artech House Calabrese, T. (2004). Information Security Intelligence: Cryptographic Principles and Applications. Cengage Learning